People often wonder what type of IRA best suits their needs. The answer depends on a person’s short and long term goals, and on their individual and family circumstances. IRA stands for Individual Retirement Account, and as the name suggests, it is an investment vehicle designed to ensure income during retirement. They were first introduced in 1974, with the passage of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (“ERISA”). 26 U.S.C. § 7701(a)(37). Since the introduction of IRAs, Congress has acted to increase the contribution allowed. Although there are several types of IRAs, the two most popular are Traditional IRAs and Roth IRAs. Both types of IRAs have their benefits and limitations, but they can be invaluable tools if used properly. Contributions to Traditional IRAs are tax deductible, subject to annual contribution limits. Contributions to Traditional IRAs can result in significant tax benefits, especially for people in higher income tax brackets. Additionally, transactions within the IRA are also protected from taxation. Withdrawals are generally subject to income tax, but there is presumption that the contributor will be at lower tax bracket during retirement. Conversely, contributions to Roth IRAs do not provide the ability to deduct contributions from income. However, withdrawals are exempt from income tax, which means that any appreciation in value between the time of contribution and time of withdrawal will be tax exempt. Both of these instruments have limitations on the amount one can contribute and when distributions are possible. Although one may contribute as much money as one wants to either type of IRA, there are specific rules that govern how much one can contribute tax free. Distributions can happen at any time, but unless certain conditions are met, distributions before the age of 59 ½ could result in significant tax and early withdrawal penalties.  Because the rules governing the taxation of contributions and  distributions from IRAs are very complex, it is important to obtain assistance from a tax advisor or estate planning attorney. While IRAs are important retirement planning tools, the rules governing them are complex and an experienced estate planning attorney should assist with reviewing these strategies in conjunction with the overall estate plan. At the Law Office of Cynthia Hayes Hutchins, P.C., we have over 25 years of experience estate planning, and we are ready to answer any questions that you may have.

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Estate planning can be a daunting task. If you do it right, your family will be well cared for long after you are gone. Without an estate plan, your family could be scrambling to pick up the pieces and paying expenses that would not be necessary with an estate plan. According to AARP Magazine, there are some simple but common mistakes people make when beginning to plan their estate. With the availability of online and do-it-yourself documents, many think hiring an attorney is a waste of money. In fact, one of the most important parts of estate planning is the assistance of someone familiar with the complicated legalese you will have to wade through. Retaining an experienced estate planning attorney could end up saving you and your family both money and frustration. According to AARP Magazine, one common mistake people make is “failing to tie your business to your estate plan.” As one attorney told AARP, “parents sometimes do not want to talk to their kids about it and just leave the business to the kids.” This method does not take into consideration how to provide for children who work outside of the business. Sometimes failing to adequately plan for a family or small business means that the business ends up being sold under market, and distribution is not always uniform. Another common mistake is to leave lump sums of money in cash instead of in a trust. A different attorney told AARP the anecdote of a father who left $250,000 “to his heroin-addicted son, who was penniless six months later.” A trust, according to AARP, “stipulates how you want the property distributed... the trustee holds your property and doles it out per your instructions.” A third common mistake is failing to keep your estate plan updated. “Each time the law or your family changes,” reports AARP, “revisit your estate plan.” Even with all this, the most important aspect of estate planning is retaining an experienced estate planning attorney. Do not go through planning your estate alone. Contact a dedicated Chicago-area estate-planning firm today.

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There are several aspects of estate planning, and while independent research can help to begin the process, the most important first step is to hire an experienced estate-planning attorney. While determining what type of trust or will is best for you can be begun on your own, navigating the subtle differences between them is best done with the assistance of an attorney. There are five different types of trusts that can be used when beginning estate planning, according to CNN Money Magazine. A trust, according to Fidelity.com, “is a fiduciary agreement that allows a third party, or trustee, to hold assets on behalf of a beneficiary or beneficiaries.” A trust specifies how you would like your assets to be passed on to the people who you have designated as beneficiaries, and differs from a will because it deals only with specific assets owned by the trust rather than an overall plan for your estate upon your death. The first type of trust, according to CNN Money Magazine, is a credit-shelter trust. This is also known as a family trust, in which you designate “an amount to the trust up to but not exceeding the estate-tax exemption.” The rest of your estate can then be passed to your spouse upon your death tax-free. Another type of trust is known as a generation-skipping trust, which “allows you to transfer a substantial amount of money tax-free to beneficiaries who are at least two generations your junior—typically your grandchildren.” The next type of trust, according to CNN Money Magazine, is a qualified personal residence trust, which “can remove the value of your home or vacation dwelling from your estate.” This type of trust is very useful if your home “is likely to appreciate in value.” Another type of trust is called an irrevocable life insurance trust. It can be helpful when your heirs need money quickly after you are gone, for example, to keep a family business running. The fifth type of trust is a qualified terminable interest property trust, which is particularly useful if “you are part of a family where there have been divorces, remarriages, and stepchildren.” Determining which type of trust is best for you is only one aspect of estate planning. When you are ready to begin planning for your family, the most important first step is to seek the counsel of a lawyer. Do not go through the planning process alone. Contact an experienced DuPage County estate-planning attorney today.

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Part of estate planning invariably involves making plans for a funeral. Many estate plans involve the notion of a pre-paid funeral, but unless the specifics are laid out with the assistance of a qualified estate-planning attorney, a pre-paid funeral could end up being a “grave error,” at least according to AARP Magazine. In some cases, such as that of Mississippi resident Evie McComb, a person will purchase a pre-paid funeral, file away the paperwork without alerting his or her family to the decision, and after his or her death, the paperwork will not surface. As was the case with McComb, the surviving family ended up paying for what had already been paid. “Evie’s daughter, Johnnye Denman, presented the document to the funeral home and asked for a refund,” according to AARP Magazine. “Too late, they said.”

According to the National Funeral Directors Association and as reported in AARP, “the average price of a burial with vault is about $8,000.” That is a lot of money for your family to come up with upon your death, but it is a directive that can be included with other important money plans. According to a publication from Ohio State University, the costs of dying include a funeral, a gravestone and cemetery plot (or cremation costs), and any medical expenses that might be incurred if the person dies in a hospital. Your specific wishes for your funeral and where the money will come from to pay for it can be explicitly laid out in your estate plan, making a frustrating and sad scenario like McComb’s impossible.

One way to set up funeral plans in an estate plan, as the executive director of the Funeral Consumers Alliance Josh Slocum told AARP Magazine, is to set up a “payable upon death” bank account. “It will earn interest, be available for an emergency, and still provide financial support to your family when you pass away,” according to AARP.  However, payable on death accounts may create unintended consequences.

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Estate planning is not just about deciding where your money will go. When planning for your family after your death, your assets are not the only things about which you will need to decide. Especially if your children are young, you will need to take into consideration what will happen for them upon your death. It may seem morbid to think about, but planning ahead is far less morbid than not having a plan—which leaves your family to make decisions without you. Naming a legal guardian in the event of your death, if your children are minors, is an important part of estate planning. 

According to IllinoisLegalAid.org, a “guardian is a person who has been appointed by the court to handle the personal or financial affairs of another person.” Many parents opt to appoint a trusted relative or friend as the guardian of their children. It is important that the person who you prefer to have as your child’s guardian is trustworthy and close to the child—this person will be handling all the financial, as well as day-to-day, decisions in your child’s life if you are unable to do so. If your child is developmentally disabled and relies solely on you, even if your child is over 18 you will need to consider naming a legal guardian. According to IllinoisLegalAid.org, “many important decisions may need to be made concerning matters such as health care, living arrangements, and habilitation.”

According to CNN Money Magazine, “if you die without a will—a status known as intestate—you leave it up to the court to decide who will take care of your child.” First-time, young parents often name their own parents as guardians of their children, which can be a good decision at an early age, but given the fact that grandparents usually die before their children this may need to be amended at some point thereafter.

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